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Accelerate Your Antibody Conjugation (ADC) & Fragmentation Journey

From Target Discovery to Preclinical Excellence — partnering with you to design, synthesize, and scale precision ADCs, antibody fragments, and immunoconjugates under ISO 9001/13485 quality systems.

Trusted by leading biopharma and diagnostic innovators worldwide
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Overview Service Capabilities Fragmentation Chemistries QC & Documentation FAQs Contact

Overview

Bio-Synthesis Inc. specializes in high-performance antibody conjugation and fragmentation for diagnostics, imaging, and therapeutic research. We configure the right chemistry + linker + payload to preserve affinity and activity while delivering the target F/P or DAR. Options include fluorescent, enzymatic, biotin, chelator/radiometal, nanoparticle, and drug payloads, with site-specific strategies when homogeneity matters. Our unique combination of biological and physicochemical analyses, along with specialized CMC services, allows us to leverage our extensive expertise in the rapidly evolving field of ADC development.

As a leading provider of custom antibody conjugation services and antibody fragmentation services, we also support ADC prototype development and Ab–oligo (ODC) programs under ISO 9001/13485. Our antibody conjugation workflows enable homogeneous ADCs, biotinylated antibodies, fluorescent immunoconjugates, and nanobody conjugates validated by LC-MS and HIC.”

Explore our related payload, label, and tag conjugation or site-specific conjugation platforms.

ISO 9001:2015 / ISO 13485:2016 45+ Years of Expertise U.S. Facilities – Texas Bench to Kilo Scale Production Confidential & IP-Protected

Service at a Glance

  • Whole IgG, Fab/F(ab′)₂, scFv, VHH labeling
  • Fluorophore, biotin, enzyme, chelator, drug payloads
  • Site-specific: engineered Cys, glycan, enzymatic tags
  • QC: F/P & DAR, LC-MS, HIC/SEC-MALS, activity assays

Confidential & IP-protected. Feasibility in days; scale-up per scope.

Why Bio-Synthesis

  • 45+ years in conjugation & linker chemistry
  • ISO 9001/13485 with LIMS-integrated documentation
  • In-house antibody fragmentation, peptide/oligo synthesis, and conjugation
  • Bench-to-multi-gram scale; buffer exchange & lyophilization

Texas & North Carolina facilities. NDAs/MSAs available.

Scales

μg screening → multi-gram; buffer exchange & lyophilization available.

QC Suite

LC-MS, UPLC/HPLC (SEC, HIC), SEC-MALS, DLS, ELISA/SPR/BLI.

Supply

ISO 9001/13485; RUO to GLP/GMP-like execution depending on scope.

Service Capabilities

Sub-service Typical chemistries Payloads / labels QC focus
Random lysine labeling NHS-ester, isothiocyanate; pH 8.2–8.5 Fluorophores, Biotin, Enzymes F/P ratio, purity
Reduced cysteine labeling Maleimide-thiol; haloacetyl Drugs, Chelators (DOTA/NOTA) DAR (UV/Vis, LC-MS)
Click-ready IgG DBCO↔Azide, TCO↔Tetrazine Dyes, Oligos, Linker-drugs HIC, SEC-MALS
Sample Submission for Whole Antibody Conjugation
  • Amount: ≥ 0.5 mg (≥ 1 mg/mL) for one conjugation; ≥ 1 mg recommended for dual or site-specific projects.
  • Buffer: PBS or 20–50 mM HEPES, pH 7.2–7.5; no carrier proteins (BSA, gelatin, casein).
  • Avoid:
    • Tris, glycine, or ammonium — consume NHS esters.
    • DTT, TCEP, or β-ME — quench maleimides and thiols.
  • Preservatives: Sodium azide ≤ 0.05 % acceptable for most chemistries (remove for HRP or click reactions).
  • Formulation additives: Glycerol ≤ 10 % acceptable; high salt (> 200 mM NaCl) not recommended.
  • Labeling Chemistry:
    • NHS-ester / isothiocyanate → amine coupling (lysine).
    • Maleimide → thiol conjugation after mild reduction.
    • Click (DBCO–Azide / TCO–Tetrazine) → orthogonal linking.
  • QC Options: F/P ratio or DAR (LC–MS/HIC); SEC–MALS for aggregation; ELISA/SPR/BLI for activity.
  • Documentation: Antibody name, clone, species, isotype, lot #, concentration, and buffer composition.
  • Shipping: 2–8 °C (cold pack) for liquid or dry ice (–20 °C/–80 °C) for frozen; ship early week to avoid weekend arrival.
Learn more about Whole Antibody Conjugation
Buffer / Component NHS-Ester (Lysine) Maleimide (Thiol) Click (DBCO/Azide, TCO/Tetrazine) Notes
PBS, HEPES (pH 7.2 – 7.5) ✓ OK ✓ OK ✓ OK Preferred universal buffers; low salt (≤ 150 mM)
Tris, Glycine, Ammonium Buffers ✗ Avoid ✓ OK ✓ OK Primary amines quench NHS esters
DTT, TCEP, β-Mercaptoethanol ✓ OK ✗ Avoid ✓ OK Thiols reduce maleimide handles
EDTA (0.5 – 2 mM) ✓ OK ✓ OK ✓ OK Helps chelate metals, stabilizes thiols
Azide (0.02 – 0.05 %) ✓ OK ✓ OK ✗ Avoid for CuAAC Azide interferes with copper-catalyzed click; fine for SPAAC/IEDDA
Glycerol (≤ 10 %) ✓ OK ✓ OK ✓ OK Accepted for frozen samples; we buffer-exchange before conjugation
Carrier Proteins (BSA, Gelatin, Casein) ✗ Avoid ✗ Avoid ✗ Avoid Compete for reactive sites; consume linker
High Salt (> 200 mM NaCl) ✗ Avoid ✗ Avoid ✗ Avoid May affect solubility and reaction kinetics

Fragment Route Labels QC focus
Fab Papain / controlled reduction Dyes, Biotin Size (SEC), activity
F(ab′)₂ Pepsin / re-bridging Dyes, Chelators SEC-MALS, purity
scFv/VHH Expression/purif. + conjugation Dyes, Oligos Binding (ELISA/SPR/BLI)
Sample Submission for Antibody Fragmentation
  • Amount: ≥ 0.5 mg (≥ 1 mg/mL) for one fragmentation route; ≥ 1 mg for dual digestion or labeling workflows.
  • Buffer: PBS or HEPES (pH 7.2 – 7.5); no carrier proteins (BSA, gelatin, casein).
  • Avoid: Tris, glycine, or ammonium (interfere with enzyme digestion); high salt (> 200 mM NaCl).
  • Preservatives: Sodium azide ≤ 0.05 % acceptable; glycerol ≤ 10 % OK for frozen samples.
  • Enzyme routes: Papain (Fab), Pepsin (F(ab′)₂), or mixed protease (IgM/IgG1); customized based on isotype.
  • Storage / Shipping: 2–8 °C (cold pack) for liquid or dry ice for frozen shipments; avoid weekend delivery.
  • Documentation: Antibody name, species, isotype, clone, concentration, and current buffer composition.
  • QC Package Options: SEC-MALS or HPLC for size/purity; SDS-PAGE for integrity; ELISA/SPR/BLI for binding.
  • Return Format: Fragments in PBS (default) or user-specified buffer; liquid or lyophilized upon request.
Case Study: Antibody Fragmentation and Conjugation
antibody fragmentation, custom antibody conjugation services, antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) development
Antibody–dsDNA (76mer) conjugation: Lane 1 – Protein standards ladder; Lane 2 – IgG F(ab')2 fragment; Lane 3 – Whole igG control.
Learn more about Antibody Fragmentation Services

Linker Type Conjugation Chemistry / Route Payload Category Representative Molecules QC Focus
Cleavable Linkers VC–PAB (cathepsin B), disulfide (GSH), hydrazone (acid-sensitive) Cancer drugs: Auristatins, Maytansinoids, Doxorubicin
Antibiotics: Rifamycin, Bleomycin, Mitomycin
Vitamins: Folate (targeted ADCs) 		MMAE, MMAF, DM1/DM4, Doxorubicin-hydrazone,
Rifamycin-maleimide, Bleomycin hydrazide, Folic acid–PEG linker 		DAR (UV/Vis, LC-MS)
Release stability
Non-Cleavable Linkers Thioether (SMCC), amide coupling, triazole (click) Cancer drugs: Auristatins, Maytansinoids
Small molecules: Steroids, Enzyme inhibitors
Vitamins: Biotin, Nicotinamide 		DM1-Thioether, MMAF-Amide, Biotin-PEG, Estradiol-DBCO, NAD-analog linkers HIC for DAR
LC-MS integrity
Enzymatic / Self-Immolative β-Glucuronide, β-Galactoside, Sortase / TGase / FGE Antibiotics: Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin
Cancer drugs: SN-38, Camptothecin
Vitamins: Retinoic acid, Coenzyme B12 derivatives 		SN-38-glucuronide, Levofloxacin-β-gal, Sortase-DM1, Retinoic acid-amide Enzyme cleavage rate
LC-MS/MS payload ID
Dual / Orthogonal Conjugates Maleimide + Click (TCO/Tetrazine, DBCO/Azide) Mixed payloads (Drug + Vitamin, Drug + Antibiotic, Drug + Fluorophore) DM1 + Alexa 647,
MMAE + Rifamycin,
Doxorubicin + Folic Acid 		Dual DAR
LC-MS purity
Radio / Chelator-Based DOTA / NOTA (Cu, Y, Lu, Zr); NHS or maleimide tethers Radiometal ADCs
Antibiotic–Chelate conjugates 		DOTA-Yttrium, NOTA-Zirconium, Cu-DOTA-Ceftriaxone Metal loading %, LC-MS isotope profile
Supported Payloads and Targeted Molecules
  • Vitamins: Biotin, Folic acid, Riboflavin, Vitamin B₁₂, Retinoic acid — for receptor-targeted uptake or affinity tagging.
  • Antibiotics: Rifamycin, Mitomycin C, Bleomycin, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin — for antibacterial ADC or hybrid therapeutic constructs.
  • Small Molecules: Hormones (estradiol, testosterone analogs), enzyme inhibitors (methotrexate, indomethacin), cofactors (NAD, FAD analogs).
  • Cancer Drugs: Auristatins (MMAE, MMAF), Maytansinoids (DM1, DM4), PBD dimers, Doxorubicin, SN-38, Camptothecin.
  • Dual Payloads: Drug + Vitamin or Drug + Antibiotic combinations for targeted or synergistic delivery designs.
Sample Submission for Small-Molecule, Vitamin, and Antibiotic Payloads
  • Payload Amount: ≥ 1–2 mg for single conjugation; ≥ 5 mg for dual or exploratory conjugations.
  • Purity: ≥ 95% confirmed by HPLC or LC–MS; provide chromatogram or CoA if available.
  • Format: Solid (preferred) or solution (DMSO, DMF, aqueous buffer). Indicate concentration if liquid.
  • Solubility: Inform if payload requires organic co-solvents (DMSO, DMF, ethanol, etc.); Bio-Synthesis will adapt conjugation accordingly.
  • Reactivity: Identify functional handles: NHS-ester, carboxyl, amine, thiol, maleimide, azide, alkyne, TCO, tetrazine, etc.
  • Buffer Compatibility: Use PBS or HEPES pH 7.0–7.5 for aqueous payloads; avoid Tris, DTT, and other reactive additives.
  • Storage & Shipping: Ship small molecules at 2–8 °C for liquids or ambient for dry powders. Cytotoxic or antibiotic compounds ship under standard DOT/IATA hazard labeling with SDS included.
  • Information to Include: Payload name, structure (if non-confidential), MW, reactive site, solubility notes, and safety data.
  • Safety Note: Label all cytotoxic, antibiotic, or hazardous small molecules clearly; include SDS or COA documentation.
  • Return Format: Conjugates delivered in PBS/HEPES (default) or as lyophilized powder upon request.
Learn more about ADC Prototypes

Oligonucleotide Type Conjugation Linker / Chemistry Applications QC Focus
Single-Stranded DNA / RNA SMCC, LC-SMPT (thiol–maleimide), DBCO–Azide (click), NHS–Amine coupling Proximity ligation (PLA), Immuno-PCR, DNA barcoding, mRNA capture LC–MS integrity, UV quantitation, SEC / PAGE for free-oligo removal
Double-Stranded (Duplex) Oligos Heterobifunctional linkers (SMCC / sulfo-EMCS / LC-SMPT), Click (TCO–Tetrazine, DBCO–Azide) Hybridization assays, MERFISH, NanoString, NGS antibody barcoding Duplex confirmation by UV-melting or native PAGE, LC–MS of intact conjugate
Modified Oligonucleotides 5′- or 3′-thiol, amine, azide, alkyne, biotin, digoxigenin, phosphorothioate, PEG, or spacers (C6, C12, hexaethylene glycol) Enhanced stability or functional tagging for capture, imaging, or therapeutic models LC–MS, MALDI, hybridization tests, activity retention assays
Technical Notes & Sample Submission for Antibody–Oligonucleotide Conjugates
  • Amount: ≥ 0.5–1.0 mg antibody (≥ 1 mg/mL) for one conjugation; provide 5–10 nmol oligo for single labeling or ≥ 20 nmol for duplex projects.
  • Oligo Type: ssDNA, dsDNA, or RNA with 5′ or 3′ modification (thiol, amine, azide, alkyne, biotin, etc.).
  • Buffer: PBS or HEPES (pH 7.0–7.5); no carrier proteins. Avoid Tris (amine competitor) or DTT/TCEP (reduces maleimide linkers).
  • Duplex Oligos: Provide annealed oligo or separate strands (Bio-Synthesis can perform annealing before conjugation).
  • Storage: Ship at 2–8 °C for liquid; dry ice for frozen samples. Oligos may be shipped lyophilized at room temperature.
  • Supported Linkers: SMCC, LC-SMPT, sulfo-EMCS, DBCO–Azide, TCO–Tetrazine, maleimide–thiol, hydrazone, oxime (aldehyde/amine).
  • QC Verification: LC–MS or MALDI for conjugate confirmation; PAGE/SEC for free oligo removal; hybridization or PCR functional tests.
  • Documentation: Include antibody name, isotype, clone, concentration, oligo name/sequence, and linker chemistry.
  • Applications: DNA-barcoded antibodies, spatial transcriptomics, MERFISH probes, immuno-PCR, multiplex IHC/IF, in-situ sequencing panels.
Case Study: Antibody–dsDNA (76mer) Conjugation
SDS-PAGE gel analysis of Antibody–double strand DNA dsDNA conjugation showing lanes for standard, control, and conjugate
Antibody–dsDNA (76mer) conjugation: Lane 1 – Protein standards ladder; Lane 2 – Antibody control; Lane 3 – Antibody–dsDNA (76mer) conjugate. The upshift in Lane 3 confirms successful covalent attachment of dsDNA to antibody.
Learn more about Antibody–Oligonucleotide Conjugation

Enzyme Coupling route Use case QC focus
HRP Periodate oxidation (aldehyde) ELISA/CLIA Activity, ratio
ALP / β-Gal / GOx SMCC/EMCS, maleimide-thiol Blotting, biosensors Function, purity
Technical Notes

Choose oxidation or linker routes to preserve enzyme activity; confirm turnover after coupling.

Sample Submission for Antibody–Enzyme Conjugates
  • Amount: ≥ 0.5–1.0 mg antibody at ≥ 1 mg/mL for standard conjugations; more for dual enzyme or multi-label projects.
  • Buffer: PBS or HEPES, pH 7.2–7.5; no carrier proteins (BSA, gelatin, casein) to prevent competition for conjugation sites.
  • Avoid: Tris, glycine, and ammonium buffers (interfere with NHS-ester chemistry); DTT/TCEP/β-ME (reduce maleimide linkers).
  • Preservatives: Sodium azide ≤ 0.05 % acceptable for HRP-free systems; remove for HRP-containing conjugations.
  • Compatible Enzymes: Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), β-galactosidase (β-Gal), glucose oxidase (GOx), and luciferase.
  • Enzyme–Antibody Chemistry:
    • HRP: Periodate oxidation (CHO–NH₂ coupling via Schiff base / reductive amination).
    • ALP, β-Gal, GOx: Maleimide–thiol or heterobifunctional linkers (SMCC, EMCS, MBS).
    • Luciferase: Site-specific or click (DBCO–Azide / TCO–Tetrazine) conjugation.
  • QC Options: SDS-PAGE and SEC–MALS for integrity; enzyme activity assays (HRP/ALP turnover); ELISA or SPR/BLI for binding validation.
  • Storage & Shipping: 2–8 °C (cold pack) for liquid; dry ice for frozen samples; avoid weekend arrivals.
  • Documentation: Include antibody and enzyme names, lot, concentration, buffer, and desired conjugation ratio or format.
More Detail on Antibody–Enzyme Conjugates

Dye family Handle Applications QC focus
FITC, Alexa Fluor™, Cy, DyLight®, ATTO, IRDye® NHS, maleimide, click Flow, IF/IHC, multiplex F/P, spectra, SEC
Technical Notes & Sample Submission for Antibody–Fluorophore Conjugates
  • Labeling Chemistry: NHS-ester or isothiocyanate (Lysine), maleimide (Cysteine), or click (DBCO–Azide / TCO–Tetrazine) for site-specific dual labeling.
  • Optimal F/P Ratio: Typically 2–4 dyes per IgG; high ratios (>5) risk fluorescence quenching and reduced binding affinity.
  • Common Dyes Supported: FITC, Alexa Fluor™ 488 / 555 / 647, Cy3, Cy5, DyLight®, ATTO, IRDye®, CF dyes, and rhodamine derivatives.
  • Excitation / Emission Planning: Select dyes with minimal spectral overlap for multiplex IF, flow, or imaging assays.
  • Dual-Label or FRET Designs: Compatible with orthogonal click chemistry for dual fluorophore or fluorophore–biotin hybrids.
  • Buffer: PBS or HEPES, pH 7.2–7.5, ≤150 mM NaCl; avoid Tris, glycine, or ammonium (consume NHS esters).
  • Preservatives: Azide ≤ 0.05 % acceptable for most dyes; remove for tandem fluorophores or click reactions.
  • Storage: Ship at 2–8 °C (cold pack); frozen (–20 °C) for long-term storage; avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
  • QC Methods: F/P ratio by absorbance deconvolution; SEC or SDS-PAGE for free-dye removal; ELISA / SPR for binding validation.
  • Application Areas: Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, western blot, in-cell imaging, and quantitative FRET/FCCS assays.

Spectral Compatibility Reference

Fluorophore / Dye Family Excitation (nm) Emission (nm) Compatible Pairings Typical Use / Notes
CF 350 / AMCA / Alexa 350 346 442 FITC, TRITC UV-excited; blue emission, useful for triple labeling or DNA counterstaining.
CF 405 / Alexa 405 / Pacific Blue 401 421 FITC, Alexa 647 Violet excitation (405 nm); ideal for flow cytometry and multiplex IF.
FITC 495 519 Cy3, Alexa 555, DyLight 550 Classic green dye; avoid overlap with GFP or Alexa 488-tagged proteins.
Alexa Fluor 488 / DyLight 488 495 520 Cy3, Cy5, Alexa 647 Bright green dye; high photostability, excellent for IF and flow assays.
Alexa Fluor 532 / TAMRA / Cy3 530–550 560–575 FITC, Alexa 647 Orange channel; low bleed-through; ideal for dual- or triple-color IF.
Alexa Fluor 546 / ATTO 550 / CF 555 554 576 FITC, Alexa 647 Bright orange-red; excellent for confocal and live-cell imaging.
Alexa Fluor 568 / TRITC / Rhodamine Red 578 603 FITC, Alexa 647 Red channel; ideal for dual-color IF, FRET, and multiplex immunoassays.
Alexa Fluor 594 / Texas Red / DyLight 594 590 617 FITC, Alexa 647, Cy5 Strong red-orange emission; used for tissue IF and imaging panels.
Cy5 / Alexa Fluor 647 / ATTO 647N 650 670 FITC, Alexa 555, IRDye 800 Far-red; minimal background, excellent for multi-color labeling.
Alexa Fluor 680 / DyLight 680 679 702 Alexa 488, Cy5 Near-IR; suitable for quantitative blotting and IVIS imaging.
IRDye 700DX / Alexa Fluor 700 689 713 Cy5, Alexa 800 Near-IR detection; low autofluorescence; best for in vivo use.
DyLight 800 / IRDye 800CW 778 794 Cy5, Alexa 488 Near-IR imaging; widely used in quantitative western blot and IVIS.
Alexa Fluor 790 / CF 790 784 803 Alexa 647, IRDye 800 Extended NIR dye; ideal for in vivo tracking and deep-tissue imaging.
Learn more about Antibody–Fluorophore Conjugates

Variant Notes Assay QC focus
LC / PEG variants Improved solubility / spacing Streptavidin capture HABA, binding
Sample Submission for Antibody–Biotin Conjugation
  • Amount: ≥ 0.5–1.0 mg antibody (≥ 1 mg/mL) for a single conjugation; multi-biotin or dual conjugations may require more.
  • Buffer: PBS or 20–50 mM HEPES, pH 7.2–7.5; no carrier proteins such as BSA or gelatin to avoid competing reactions.
  • Recommended Biotin Chemistries:
    • NHS-biotin or Sulfo-NHS-LC-biotin (amine coupling).
    • Maleimide-biotin (thiol coupling on reduced cysteines).
    • Click-biotin (DBCO–Azide / TCO–Tetrazine) for site-specific or dual labeling.
  • Preservatives: Sodium azide ≤ 0.05 % is acceptable for most routes; remove for HRP-based secondary conjugates.
  • QC Focus: HABA / Avidin-binding assay or spectroscopic ratio (A280/A500) to verify substitution level.
  • Avoid: Tris, glycine, ammonium (consume NHS-esters); DTT, TCEP (reduce maleimide linkers).
  • Solvent Content: Glycerol ≤ 10 % acceptable; high salt (>200 mM) discouraged for optimal coupling.
  • Documentation: Antibody name, species, isotype, clone, concentration, buffer, and desired biotin density or F/P ratio.
  • Shipping: 2–8 °C cold pack for liquid or dry ice (−20 °C) for frozen samples; ship early in the week to avoid weekend arrivals.
  • Return Format: Conjugates supplied in PBS, pH 7.4 (default) or user-specified buffer; liquid or lyophilized upon request.
Learn more about Antibody–Biotin Conjugation

Carrier Coupling Use QC focus
KLH / BSA / OVA / TT / CRM197 EDC, SMCC, oxime/hydrazone Immunogens, calibrators Loading, desalting
Sample Submission for Carrier-Protein Immunogen Conjugation
  • Hapten / Small-Molecule Amount: ≥ 1–5 mg per conjugation; concentration ≥ 5 mg/mL in suitable solvent (DMSO, DMF, or aqueous buffer).
  • Carrier Protein Options: KLH, BSA, OVA, TT, or CRM197; provide 2–5 mg per coupling (≥ 5 mg/mL in PBS, pH 7.2–7.4).
  • Buffer: PBS or HEPES, pH 7.2–7.5; no preservatives or stabilizers (avoid sodium azide, glycerol, or glycine).
  • Solvent Compatibility: Hapten or drug may be dissolved in DMSO, DMF, or ethanol; include solvent % information for coupling optimization.
  • Preferred Chemistries:
    • EDC/sulfo-NHS coupling: carboxyl–amine (for peptides or acidic small molecules).
    • Maleimide–thiol coupling: sulfhydryl-activated haptens or linkers.
    • Oxime/Hydrazone linkage: aldehyde/ketone-bearing haptens via aminooxy or hydrazide groups.
  • Avoid: Tris, glycine, and high salt (>200 mM NaCl) buffers that inhibit carbodiimide reactions.
  • Carrier-Protein Ratio: 10–30 molar equivalents of hapten per carrier lysine site recommended; Bio-Synthesis will optimize based on MW and antigenicity.
  • Storage & Shipping: Ship proteins refrigerated (2–8 °C) on cold packs; dry ice if frozen; include MSDS for hazardous small molecules.
  • Documentation: Include hapten name, MW or structure (if non-confidential), reactive group, solvent system, carrier type, and desired loading level.
  • Return Format: Immunogen supplied in PBS (default) or lyophilized for long-term storage; QC data provided for hapten-to-protein ratio and purity.
Learn more about Carrier-Protein Immunogen Conjugation

Strategy Notes Benefit QC focus
Engineered Cys nanobody / Enzymatic tags LPXTG, Q-tag, FGE, TGase Homogeneous DAR LC-MS, HIC
Disulfide re-bridging Bis-maleimide/dibromomaleimide Stability + handle insertion SEC-MALS, activity
Sample Submission for Site-Specific & Re-bridging Conjugation
  • Amount: ≥ 0.5–1.0 mg antibody (≥ 1 mg/mL) for one conjugation; ≥ 2 mg recommended for DAR optimization or dual payloads.
  • Buffer: PBS or HEPES, pH 7.0–7.5; no reducing agents (DTT, TCEP) or primary amines (Tris, glycine).
  • Engineered Antibodies: Thiomab or Cys-engineered IgG accepted; provide sequence or modification site info if available.
  • Linker Types Supported:
    • Bis-maleimide / Dibromomaleimide – disulfide re-bridging (controlled DAR ≈ 2).
    • Pyridazinedione / Thioether – stable, non-cleavable linkers for ADC prototypes.
    • Thioalkyl / Vinylsulfone – selective cysteine modification.
    • Click (azide–DBCO / TCO–tetrazine) – orthogonal site-specific dual conjugations.
  • Optional Glycan Conjugation: Oxidized Fc glycans coupled through hydrazide or aminooxy linkers for uniform labeling.
  • Avoid: High salt (>150 mM NaCl), glycerol >10 %, azide >0.05 %, and detergents (>0.05 %).
  • Storage & Shipping: 2–8 °C (cold pack) for liquid; dry ice for frozen; avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles.
  • Documentation: Include antibody name, species, isotype, clone, concentration, buffer, and desired chemistry type (re-bridging, glycan, or click).
  • QC Focus: LC–MS (subunit analysis), HIC for DAR distribution, SEC–MALS for aggregation, and ELISA/SPR/BLI for binding retention.
  • Return Format: Conjugates in PBS pH 7.4 (default) or user-specified buffer; lyophilized on request for long-term storage.
Learn more about Site-Specific & Re-bridging Conjugation

Surface Activation Use case QC focus
Au / silica / magnetic EDC/sulfo-NHS; thiol; silane; click LFA labels, SERS, sensors Size (DLS), stability
Sample Submission for Antibody–Nanoparticle & Surface Conjugation
  • Amount: ≥ 0.5–1.0 mg antibody (≥ 1 mg/mL) per nanoparticle type or surface system; 1–2 mg recommended for optimization studies.
  • Nanoparticle Type: Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), Silica (SiO₂), Magnetic (Fe₃O₄), or Latex microspheres; provide particle diameter and surface charge information if available.
  • Buffer: PBS or 10–20 mM HEPES, pH 7.2–7.5; low ionic strength (< 50 mM NaCl) to prevent nanoparticle aggregation during coupling.
  • Avoid: Tris, citrate, or phosphate buffers for direct Au–thiol reactions; DTT, TCEP, or other reductants (they displace surface-bound thiols).
  • Conjugation Chemistries Supported:
    • EDC/sulfo-NHS coupling: carboxyl to amine (common for latex, magnetic, silica).
    • Maleimide–thiol linkage: for gold or functionalized surfaces.
    • Click chemistry: DBCO–Azide or TCO–Tetrazine, for oriented bioconjugation.
  • Storage & Shipping: Ship nanoparticles at 2–8 °C; avoid freezing to prevent irreversible aggregation. Use tightly sealed, low-binding plastic vials.
  • Documentation: Provide antibody name, species, isotype, clone, concentration, and particle specifications (material, size, surface functional group, concentration).
  • QC Options: UV–Vis and DLS for particle stability; zeta potential and SEC–MALS for conjugate verification; immunoassay validation for binding retention.
  • Return Format: Conjugates supplied in PBS or user-specified buffer with surfactant (e.g., 0.05 % Tween-20 or PEG-stabilized) to maintain colloidal stability.
  • Safety: Indicate if nanoparticles are coated with hazardous or metallic agents; include MSDS if applicable.
Learn more about Antibody–Nanoparticle Conjugation

Fragmentation Methods

Enzymatic
  • Papain → Fab
  • Pepsin → F(ab′)₂
  • IdeS/IdeZ → F(ab′)₂ + Fc
Chemical/Reductive
  • TCEP/DTT partial reduction
  • Disulfide re-bridging (bis-maleimide)
Purification & Polishing
  • Desalting/SEC, affinity capture
  • Buffer exchange & format set

Coupling Chemistries & Reactive Handles

Amine-Reactive
  • NHS-ester, isothiocyanate, imidoesters
  • Controlled lysine/N-terminus labeling
Carboxyl Coupling
  • EDC/sulfo-NHS, CDI activation
  • Amide bond formation (protein ↔ payload)
Thiol-Reactive
  • Maleimide, haloacetyl, pyridyl disulfide
  • Engineered Cys / Thiomab strategies
Carbonyl Pathways
  • Oxime/hydrazone from aldehyde/ketone
  • Reductive amination (mild, selective)
Click Reactions
  • CuAAC, SPAAC (DBCO–Azide)
  • IEDDA (TCO–Tetrazine) ultra-fast
Enzymatic & Specialty
  • Sortase A, Transglutaminase, FGE
  • Photo crosslinkers; SuFEx; re-bridging

QC & Documentation

Analytics
  • LC-MS (intact/subunit), UPLC/HPLC (SEC, HIC)
  • SEC-MALS, DLS; UV/Vis F/P & DAR
  • ELISA, SPR/BLI binding/activity
Release Package
  • CoA, QC report, batch record, traceability
  • Stability & storage guidance
Supply Options
  • μg → multi-gram; buffer choice & lyophilization
  • RUO to GLP/GMP-like execution

Ordering Checklist

  • Antibody type/isotype & buffer
  • Fragment or whole IgG; desired scale
  • Label/payload & preferred chemistry
  • Target F/P or DAR; QC requirements
  • Format (liquid/lyophilized) & timeline

Need immunogen (hapten-carrier) work? We also offer KLH/BSA/OVA/TT/CRM197 conjugation.

Explore our related payload, label, and tag conjugation or site-specific conjugation platforms.

Request Quote

FAQ

What information speeds up a quote?

Antibody identity/isotype, concentration & buffer, desired label/payload, preferred chemistry, target F/P or DAR, QC requirements, scale, and timeline.

Can you control degree of labeling?

Yes—by tuning reaction conditions or using site-specific methods (engineered Cys, glycan, enzymatic tags). Verified via UV/Vis, LC-MS, and HIC.

Which fragments can you supply?

Fab, F(ab′)₂, Fc, scFv, VHH/sdAb via papain, pepsin, IdeS/IdeZ, or controlled reduction; we can label fragments post-purification.

Do you support ADC prototypes?

Yes—cleavable/non-cleavable linkers, payload installation, DAR measurement, and stability/aggregation profiling.

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References — Antibody Conjugation & Fragmentation

  1. Bio-Synthesis, Inc. (Lewisville, TX). Custom Antibody Conjugation Services. www.biosyn.com.
  2. Hermanson GT. Bioconjugate Techniques, 3rd ed. Academic Press, 2013.
  3. Chari RVJ et al. Antibody–Drug Conjugates: An Emerging Concept in Cancer Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2014;53(15):3796-3827.
  4. Glen Research — Labels & Modifiers Catalog. Glen Research.

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