Home Company Products & Services Resources
Contact Get Quote Order
✦ Services

Service Menu

Browse Bio-Synthesis oligonucleotide services.

  • Oligonucleotides
  • Peptides
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioconjugation
  • Immuno Chemistry
  • Oligonucleotide Services
  • Custom Oligo Synthesis
  • Speciality Oligonucleotide Synthesis
  • Oligo Modification
  • Oligo Bioconjugation
  • Analytical & QC Services
  • Formulation & Product Development
  • OligoTech at BSI
  • Oligo Services at BSI
  • OligoLS RUO
  • OligoDX Diagnostic
  • OligoTX Therapeutic
    Oligonucleotide Services
    Custom Solutions

    Designed for your research & pipeline

    High Quality

    Rigorous QC and on-time delivery

    Scalable Manufacturing

    From bench-scale to commercial scale

    Expert Support

    Scientist-to-scientist consultation

    Need help finding the right solution?

    Speak to a Scientist →

    ASO, SSO & Gapmer Oligonucleotide Manufacturing

    Advanced antisense oligonucleotide synthesis with scalable chemistry, purification, analytical QC and documentation support from discovery through kilo-class production.

    Bench → Kilo Production ISO 9001:2015 / ISO 13485:2016 U.S. Facilities - Texas HPLC/UPLC • LC-MS • CoA RUO → GLP/GMP-Aligned Support
    Build a Scale-Up Plan Choose ASO Platform
    Overview Bench to Kilo ASO Platforms Chemistry Toolkit Workflow QC Applications FAQ Contact Recommended Reading
    Overview & Manufacturing Pathway

    Manufacturable Antisense Designs, Not Just Research Oligos

    ASO, SSO and gapmer oligonucleotides are RNA-targeting constructs used for RNase H-mediated knockdown, splice modulation, steric blocking and therapeutic-development research. The strongest programs are designed from the beginning around chemistry, mechanism, manufacturability, purification, analytics and scale.

    Bio-Synthesis supports advanced antisense oligonucleotide programs across PS DNA, 2′-OMe, 2′-F, 2′-MOE, LNA/BNA/cEt, terminal caps, GalNAc, lipid, peptide and other conjugation strategies. Our focus is practical: keep the design biologically effective while making the production route scalable from early discovery through gram and kilo-class supply.

    Programs can include RNase H-active gapmers, steric-blocking ASOs, splice-switching SSOs, advanced modifications, conjugation, purification, release QC and documentation from discovery screening to kilo-class supply.

    Bench-to-Kilo Manufacturing Pathway

    Move from sequence screening to manufacturable antisense oligonucleotide supply with scale-matched purification, analytics and project files.

    01

    Discovery Screens

    µmol lots, multiple sequences, rapid design iteration, basic purity and identity QC.

    02

    Lead Confirmation

    Higher-purity lots, final chemistry pattern, conjugate position and functional controls.

    03

    Pilot Production

    mg to gram supply, scalable purification route and method consistency review.

    04

    Gram / Kilo-Class

    Large-scale synthesis, optimized purification, in-process controls and release files.

    05

    Tech Transfer Ready

    CoA, analytical package, formulation, packaging, labeling and documentation support.

    µmol

    Screening lots

    mg–g

    Pilot supply

    Kilo

    Production pathway

    QC

    HPLC/UPLC + LC-MS

    Platform Selection

    Choose the Right Antisense Platform

    Organize the page around mechanism first. Gapmers, SSOs and steric blockers require different chemistry, length, purification and analytical expectations.

    Gapmer ASO

    RNase H

    Designed with modified wings and a central DNA gap to recruit RNase H for RNA degradation.

    • Common 14–22 nt designs
    • LNA/BNA/cEt or 2′-MOE wings
    • Central DNA gap for RNase H
    • PS backbone and terminal protection

    Splice-Switching SSO

    Splicing

    Steric-blocking designs that redirect exon inclusion, exon skipping or splice correction without RNase H cleavage.

    • Often 18–30 nt depending on target
    • 2′-MOE, 2′-OMe, PMO, PNA or LNA options
    • Exon/intron motif targeting
    • Delivery strategy reviewed early

    Steric-Blocking ASO

    Blocker

    Designed to bind RNA and block translation, processing, protein binding or RNA structure without cleavage.

    • Fully or highly modified formats
    • No central DNA gap required
    • Affinity and mismatch tuning
    • Useful for non-cleaving mechanisms
    Chemistry Architecture

    Modification Strategy for Potency, Stability and Scale

    The best chemistry is not always the most complex chemistry. The best chemistry is the one that supports the mechanism, survives the application environment and can be manufactured consistently.

    ASO / SSO / Gapmer Chemistry Selection

    Use this table as a starting framework before final sequence review, purification selection and scale planning.

    Common antisense oligonucleotide chemistry options.

    Chemistry Primary Role Best Fit Manufacturing Note
    Phosphorothioate (PS) Nuclease resistance, exposure and protein interaction tuning ASO, gapmer, SSO terminal or full-backbone designs Define partial vs full PS pattern early for scale consistency
    2′-OMe / 2′-F Stability, immune-signal reduction and RNA-binding support SSO, siRNA-like designs, aptamer/ASO hybrids Good for systematic screening and manufacturable patterns
    2′-MOE Balanced stability, affinity and steric-blocking behavior SSO and gapmer wings Widely used in therapeutic-style ASO optimization
    LNA / BNA / cEt High-affinity binding and shorter potent designs Gapmer wings, high-affinity ASO, probe-like constructs Use selectively to manage off-target binding and synthesis complexity
    PMO / PNA Neutral, highly nuclease-resistant steric blocking Splice modulation and difficult steric-blocking targets Plan delivery, solubility and analytical strategy early
    GalNAc / Lipid / Peptide Targeting, uptake and tissue-exposure strategy Liver targeting, extrahepatic delivery and receptor-mediated uptake Conjugate placement and linker length must be documented

    Design Guide by Function

    Preserve the current useful guidance, but make it faster to scan.

    Need RNase H cleavage
    Gapmer with central DNA gap
    Need splice modulation
    SSO / PMO / PNA / 2′-MOE
    Need serum stability
    PS + 2′ chemistry + end caps
    Need high affinity
    LNA/BNA/cEt placement
    Need liver targeting
    GalNAc-conjugated ASO
    Need extrahepatic delivery
    Lipid, peptide or ligand conjugate
    Need scale-up
    Standardize chemistry and purification early
    Need release package
    Contact Bio-Synthesis for method-specific or bundled QC requests
    Chemistry Toolkit

    ASO Chemistry Toolkit: What Bio-Synthesis Offers

    These are listed as serviceable chemistry options, not just design concepts. The tab layout keeps the page organized while preserving the detailed live-site toolkit information.

    Explore available antisense modifications, conjugates and delivery chemistries →

    Modification Description Application Code
    Phosphorothioate (PS) Sulfur substitution for nuclease resistance ASO, gapmer, antagomir [PS]
    Methylphosphonate (PM) Non-ionic methyl substitution Neutral backbone; PK / uptake trade-off [PM]
    Phosphoramidate (PN) P-N linkage variant Stability; altered RNase interactions [PN]
    Boranophosphate (BPh) Boron substitution Metabolic stability; nuclease resistance [BPh]
    Category Modification Description Application Code
    2′ Mods DNA 2′-deoxyribose backbone, RNase H-compatible Gapmer cores, probes [DNA]
    2′ Mods RNA Ribose backbone with 2′-OH SSO, research tools [RNA]
    2′ Mods 2′-OMe RNA 2′-O-methyl substitution Stability; immune attenuation [2OMe-RNA]
    2′ Mods 2′-MOE RNA 2′-O-methoxyethyl substitution Uniform SSO; anti-miR [MOE-RNA]
    2′ Mods 2′-Fluoro RNA 2′-F substitution Potency; nuclease resistance [2F-RNA]
    2′ Mods 2′-O-Arabino RNA Arabino-configured 2′-O substitution Affinity tuning; exploration [Ara-RNA]
    2′ Mods 2′-O-Propargyl RNA Alkyne at 2′-O Click chemistry handle [2O-PRG-RNA]
    2′ Mods 2′-O-NMA RNA 2′-O-(N-methylacetamide) Stability; polarity [2O-NMA-RNA]
    Bridged LNA / 2′,4′-BNA Locked ribose with 2′-O,4′-C bridge High-Tm wings; SSO [LNA]
    Bridged cEt Constrained ethyl bridge Affinity / safety balance [cEt]
    Bridged ENA Ethylene-bridged nucleic acid Affinity increase; exploratory [ENA]
    Bridged BNA-NC (N-Me) Amide-bridged N-methyl analog Affinity; experimental [BNA-NC]
    Base 5-Methyl dC 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine Stability; epigenetic mimic [5Me-dC]
    Base 5-Methyl rC 5-methyl-cytidine RNA Stability; SSO [5Me-rC]
    Base N4-Ethyl C N4-ethyl-cytosine Affinity tuning [N4Et-C]
    Base N6-Methyl A N6-methyl-adenine Stability; motif studies [N6Me-A]
    Base 2-Amino A 2-amino-adenine Affinity increase; pairing studies [2NH2-A]
    Base 8-oxo G 8-oxoguanine lesion analog Damage / repair studies [8oxo-G]
    Base 7-deaza A 7-deaza-adenine Structure / probing [7dz-A]
    Base 7-deaza G 7-deaza-guanine Structure / probing [7dz-G]
    Base Pseudouridine C-glycosidic uridine base RNA stability; translation [Ψ]
    Base Propyne dC 5-propynyl-dC Affinity increase; qPCR probes [Prop-dC]
    Base Propyne dU 5-propynyl-dU Affinity increase; qPCR probes [Prop-dU]
    Other NPPOC Photolabile base analog / group Photo-control; caging [NPPOC]
    Other TMO Protected base analog Chemistry exploration [TMO]
    Other Abasic AP site Non-informational spacer Controls; structure studies [AP]
    Other L-DNA / L-RNA Enantiomeric nucleic acids Nuclease resistance; decoys [L-DNA]/[L-RNA]
    Other D-/R-Inosine Enantiomeric inosine variants Binding / structural studies [D-Ino]/[R-Ino]
    Other UNA Unlocked nucleic acid Flexibility; structure-function [UNA]
    Other GNA Glycol nucleic acid Simplified backbone research [GNA]
    Other 2′–5′ Linked Oligonucleotides 2′–5′ internucleotide linkages Stability / pathway studies [2-5′-Link]
    Modification Description Application Code
    3′-InvdT / 3′-C3 Exonuclease-blocking terminal caps ASO / SSO termini [3INVdT] / [3C3]
    5′-Amino Reactive amine handle Labeling, conjugation, surface attachment [5NH2]
    5′-Thiol Reactive thiol handle Maleimide coupling, gold surfaces, protein/peptide conjugation [5SH]
    5′-Azide Click-ready azide handle Click chemistry and bioorthogonal conjugation [5N3]
    5′-Phosphate Terminal phosphate Biology workflows [5P]
    Conjugate Description Application Code
    GalNAc tri-antenna ASGPR ligand Hepatocyte targeting, SC dosing [GalNAc3]
    GalNAc tetra-antenna Four-arm GalNAc Enhanced avidity for liver delivery [GalNAc4]
    Mannose Mannose receptor ligand Macrophage / dendritic-cell targeting [Man]
    Lactose Lectin-binding disaccharide Lectin-mediated uptake [Lac]
    Cholesterol Hydrophobic sterol Uptake enhancement [Chol]
    PC-Cholesterol Cholesterol plus phosphocholine Membrane stability; liver delivery [PC-Chol]
    Tocopherol Vitamin E derivative Antioxidant stability; robustness [Toco]
    DHA / EPA Omega-3 fatty acids CNS-leaning biodistribution; uptake [DHA]/[EPA]
    Stearic / Palmitic / Oleic C18:0 / C16:0 / C18:1 fatty acids Hydrophobic anchoring [SA]/[PA]/[OA]
    Diacylglycerol (DAG) Lipid anchor Membrane association; trafficking [DAG]
    Squalene Highly hydrophobic terpenoid Self-assembly into particles [SQL]
    Phosphatidylethanolamine Lipid headgroup Anchoring; endosomal release [PE]
    Ceramide Sphingolipid Endolysosomal trafficking [Cer]
    2′-O-C16 A/C/G/U Hexadecyl lipidated nucleosides Membrane interaction; extrahepatic delivery [C16-A/C/G/U]
    2′-O-Stearyl C18 Stearyl-modified nucleosides Hydrophobic anchoring [C18-2-O-A/C/G/U]
    2′-O-Oleyl C18:1 Oleyl-modified nucleosides Delivery efficiency; flexibility [C18:1-2-O-A/C/G/U]
    CPPs TAT / R9 / Penetratin Cell-penetrating peptides Cellular delivery [CPP-TAT]/[CPP-R9]/[CPP-PEN]
    RGD / iRGD Integrin-binding peptides Tumor homing and penetration [RGD]
    Angiopep-2 LRP1-binding peptide Brain delivery across BBB [Ang2]
    RVG29 Rabies glycoprotein peptide Neuron targeting [RVG29]
    NLS Peptides Nuclear localization sequence Nuclear delivery for AON / SSO [NLS]
    Doxorubicin (DOX) Anthracycline payload Aptamer / ASO drug conjugates with cleavable linkers [Drug-DOX]
    Camptothecin (CPT) Topoisomerase inhibitor Tumor-targeted oligo conjugates [Drug-CPT]
    Methotrexate (MTX) Antimetabolite payload Folate / aptamer-guided delivery [Drug-MTX]
    Folate Vitamin B9 derivative Folate receptor-positive tumors [FA]
    Vitamin B12 Cobalamin receptor ligand Receptor-mediated uptake [B12]
    Antibody-Oligo Conjugate mAb / oligo via maleimide-thiol or click Cell-type-specific delivery [AOC]
    Albumin-binding tag Serum albumin interaction PK extension [ABP]
    Short PEG / TEG Hydrophilic spacer Conjugate geometry; solubility [TEG]
    Cleavable Disulfide Redox-sensitive linker Release in cytosol [SS]
    Val-Cit-PAB Cathepsin-cleavable linker Enzyme-triggered release [Val-Cit-PAB]
    Hydrazone pH-sensitive linker Endosomal release [Hydrazone]
    Photocleavable Spacer Light-triggered linker Controlled release [PC-Spacer]
    Trebler / Doubler 3- or 2-arm scaffolds Valency increase; avidity [Trebler]/[Doubler]
    PAMAM Dendrimer Branched polymer scaffold High payload density [PAMAM]
    Production Workflow

    Integrated Workflow for Scalable ASO Programs

    A strong page should make customers feel that Bio-Synthesis can manage the entire path, not only synthesize an oligo.

    01

    Sequence & Target Review

    Target transcript, isoforms, splice sites, GC content, off-target risk and manufacturability review.

    02

    Chemistry Pattern

    Define gapmer wings, DNA gap, PS pattern, steric-blocking chemistry, caps and conjugate placement.

    03

    Synthesis & Conjugation

    Solid-phase oligo synthesis plus GalNAc, lipid, peptide, PEG, clickable or other conjugation strategies.

    04

    Purification Route

    HPLC, UPLC, IEX/RP methods, PAGE or custom purification matched to chemistry and scale.

    05

    Analytical QC

    LC-MS identity, analytical HPLC/UPLC purity, OD260 quantitation and optional endotoxin/residual testing.

    06

    Formulation & Format

    Dry, solution, tubes, vials, plates, barcoding, normalized concentration and custom packaging.

    07

    Documentation

    CoA, analytical reports, batch records, chain-of-custody and tech-transfer support.

    08

    Scale-Up Continuity

    Move from screening to pilot and gram/kilo production with consistent methods and files.

    Quality & Release

    QC and Release Testing for Development-Ready Supply

    Start with the QC package that matches your project stage. The detailed release menu is available below as a collapsible reference, so the page stays shorter while still showing the depth of what Bio-Synthesis can support.

    Common QC Packages by Stage

    Use these examples as starting points. Final release criteria can be customized.

    Screening Lots
    OD260, analytical purity, optional MS identity
    Lead Confirmation
    HPLC/UPLC purity, LC-MS, CoA and sequence-specific documentation
    In Vivo Research
    LC-MS, HPLC/UPLC, OD260, endotoxin and optional bioburden
    Conjugated Oligos
    Identity, purity, conjugate confirmation and residual chemical review
    Formulated Lots
    Moisture, sodium/counterion, pH, solubility and stability support
    Gram / Kilo Lots
    Scale-matched release files, batch documentation and optional custom panels
    Stability Programs
    Time-scheduled stability under defined storage and stress conditions
    Not Listed?
    Contact Bio-Synthesis for method-specific or bundled QC requests

    Expanded QC & Release Menu

    Bio-Synthesis offers more than basic identity and purity testing. If a required assay is not listed, contact us for a custom bundled panel.

    Expanded QC and release testing options for ASO, SSO and gapmer supply.

    Assay / Service Purpose Notes
    LC-MS / ESI-MS Mass identity confirmation Confirms full-length product and detects major adducts or truncation-related species.
    Analytical HPLC / UPLC Purity and impurity profile Ion-pair RP, AEX or chemistry-matched method depending on backbone and conjugate.
    UV / OD260 Quantitation Amount and concentration Standardized extinction coefficient calculation with CoA reporting.
    MALDI-TOF MS Identity confirmation Optional or alternative mass confirmation for selected oligo formats.
    Endotoxin In vivo safety support Recommended for animal studies, in vivo research and sensitive biological applications.
    Bioburden Microbial load Recommended for in vivo, sterile, formulation or sensitive-use applications; reportable units on request.
    Sodium Content Inorganic ion content Supports formulation and buffer compatibility; report as percentage or ppm when requested.
    Counterion / Salt Content Counterion composition Useful for formulation, solubility, lyophilization and downstream compatibility.
    Water / Moisture Content Moisture and dry-state readiness Supports stability, storage and formulation readiness for larger-scale lots.
    Residual Chemicals Residual solvents, reagents and byproducts Confirms process clearance of synthesis reagents, solvents and conjugation byproducts.
    pH Analysis Solution compatibility Useful for solution formats, formulation buffers and stability studies.
    Solubility Testing Formulation and handling Recommended for lipidated, conjugated, hydrophobic or high-concentration oligos.
    Time-Scheduled Stability Degradation and potency over time Stability testing at planned intervals such as 1, 3, 6 and 12 months under defined conditions.
    Purity by PAGE / CE Orthogonal separation Optional for long, structured, highly modified or difficult-to-resolve constructs.
    Conjugate Ratio / Payload Confirmation Conjugation verification For GalNAc, lipid, peptide, PEG, dye, drug, antibody or other conjugated oligos.
    Formulation / Fill-Finish Support Final format readiness Dry, solution, tubes, vials, plates, barcoded labels and custom packaging options.
    Custom / Bundled Panel Project-specific release package If the assay is not listed, contact us. Custom QC panels can be built around your program.
    Related Services

    Related Oligonucleotide Services

    These links help customers move from ASO/SSO concept to specialized product workflows.

    ASO

    Custom ASO Synthesis

    Gapmer and steric-blocking ASO platforms.

    Explore →

    Gap

    Gapmer ASO Synthesis

    LNA, BNA, cEt and PS gapmers.

    Explore →

    SSO

    Splice-Switching Oligos

    Exon skipping and splice correction.

    Explore →

    Stab

    Nuclease Resistance

    Stability chemistry for in vivo research.

    Explore →

    Del

    Cellular Uptake & Delivery

    Peptide, lipid and ligand delivery strategies.

    Explore →

    BioC

    Oligo Bioconjugation

    GalNAc, peptide, lipid, PEG and click conjugation.

    Explore →

    Pur

    Oligo Purification

    HPLC, UPLC, IEX and PAGE workflows.

    Explore →

    QC

    Oligo Release QC

    LC-MS, purity testing and documentation.

    Explore →

    FAQ

    What’s the difference between gapmers and steric‑block SSOs?
    Gapmers recruit RNase H to cleave target RNA; SSOs modulate splicing or block translation without cleavage. Choose based on biology and delivery route.
    Which chemistries improve nuclease resistance?
    Terminal/partial PS with 2′‑OMe/2′‑F patterning; LNA/cEt in wings for affinity. MOE is common in steric‑block designs.
    Where should I place conjugates like GalNAc or cholesterol?
    Prefer 3′ placement via short PEG/TEG spacer to preserve activity and control exposure.
    What’s a good starting gapmer design?
    5–10 DNA gap, 2–5 LNA/2′‑OMe/2′‑F per wing, terminal PS, and optional 3′ cap.
    What ASO length should I start with?
    Most RNase H gapmers are designed in the 14–20 nt range (with a 5–10 nt DNA gap). Steric‑block SSOs are commonly 18–25 nt. Final length should be guided by target accessibility, Tm, and off‑target analysis.
    How many phosphorothioate (PS) linkages do I need?
    For gapmers, terminal or partial PS is typical to balance stability and activity. Uniform PS can be used in some single‑stranded formats but may increase protein binding—evaluate empirically.
    Which purification should I choose?
    HPLC/UPLC is recommended for in vivo work and most SSO/gapmer programs. Desalting can be acceptable for early screening or RUO assays; we’ll recommend a route based on chemistry and use case.
    How should I resuspend and store my ASO?
    Use RNase‑free water or buffer (e.g., TE) to your desired concentration. Store aliquots at −20 °C (or 4 °C short‑term) and avoid repeated freeze‑thaw cycles. Protect from nucleases and light if dye‑labeled.
    Can you help with target selection and off‑target assessment?
    Yes—on request we can provide design support (motif screening, BLAST‑style checks, Tm estimates) and iterate on gapmer/SSO architectures to reduce off‑target risk while maintaining potency.
    What information do you need for a quote?
    Please share: sequence(s) 5′→3′, intended format (gapmer vs SSO), modifications (PS pattern, sugars like 2′‑OMe/2′‑F/LNA/MOE), any conjugates (GalNAc, Chol, PEG, CPP), scale, purification, and required QC.
    Do you offer GMP manufacturing?
    We support programs from RUO through ISO 9001/13485 with GMP‑like workflows and enhanced QC. If full GMP is required, we can discuss options and tech transfer paths.
    What QC tests are available?
    Standard release includes LC‑MS, HPLC/UPLC purity, and OD260. Optional tests include endotoxin, residual solvents/moisture, and method‑specific assays—all scoped to your application.
    Can you plate my oligos or provide custom formatting?
    Yes—tubes, vials, and plates (with barcoding/labels) are available. We can standardize concentrations/volumes to streamline screening workflows.
    More FAQ'sAll FAQ's
    Contact & Quote Request

    Build Your ASO Scale-Up Plan

    Format Gapmer, SSO, steric-block ASO
    Sequence 5′→3′ and target transcript
    Chemistry PS, MOE, LNA/BNA, cEt
    Scale µmol, mg, gram, kilo
    QC LC-MS, HPLC/UPLC, CoA
    Delivery GalNAc, lipid, peptide, PEG
    Bench to Kilo Production

    Need ASO, SSO or gapmer supply that can scale?

    Share your sequence, target, ASO format, modification pattern, conjugation strategy, scale, purity, QC and documentation needs. Bio-Synthesis can help build a practical pathway from discovery lots to pilot, gram and kilo-class production.
    Request a Quote Speak to a Scientist

    Need help before quoting?

    Email: info@biosyn.com
    Phone: 800-227-0627 (US/CAN)
    Phone: +001-972-420-8505 (INT)
    Tx

    Scale-Up Focus

    Designed for customers who need a consistent route from research screening to large production lots.

    µmol mg gram kilo CoA
    QC

    Production Package

    Purification, LC-MS, analytical purity, quantitation, labeling, packaging and documentation support.

    HPLC/UPLC LC-MS OD260 Batch File QC
    Recommended Reading

    Recommended Reading & Literature References

    Use this section to support scientific credibility while keeping the commercial message focused on scale-up production. Include Bio-Synthesis-cited work where Bio-Synthesis oligonucleotides or gapmer constructs were used.

    1. Bio-Synthesis cited in ASO/gapmer research: IGF1R-targeted delivery of a bridged nucleic acid oligonucleotide for triple-negative breast cancer. NAR Cancer, 2025. The paper reports BNA–DNA–BNA gapmer phosphorothioates and peptide conjugates assembled using oligonucleotide synthesis and click chemistry by Bio-Synthesis, Inc., Lewisville, TX.
    2. Bennett CF, Swayze EE. RNA targeting therapeutics: molecular mechanisms of antisense oligonucleotides as a therapeutic platform. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2010;50:259–293.
    3. Deleavey GF, Damha MJ. Designing chemically modified oligonucleotides for targeted gene silencing. Chemistry & Biology. 2012;19(8):937–954.
    4. Prakash TP. An overview of sugar-modified oligonucleotides for antisense therapeutics. Chemistry & Biodiversity. 2011;8(9):1616–1641.
    5. Egli M, Manoharan M. Chemistry, structure and function of approved oligonucleotide therapeutics. Nucleic Acids Research. 2023;51(6):2529–2573.
    6. Summerton J, Weller D. Morpholino antisense oligomers: design, preparation, and properties. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Development. 1997;7(3):187–195.
    7. Obika S, Uneda T, Sugimoto T, et al. 2′-O,4′-C-methylene bridged nucleic acid (2′,4′-BNA): synthesis and triplex-forming properties. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2001;9(4):1001–1011.

    Suggested page note: Recommended reading is provided for scientific background. Final ASO, SSO and gapmer design should be evaluated within the target transcript, mechanism, chemistry placement, delivery strategy, purification method and release QC plan.

    Why Choose Bio-Synthesis

    Trusted by biotech leaders worldwide for over 45 years of delivering high-quality, fast, and scalable synthetic biology solutions.

    Greetings, Researchers,

    Please be advised that any information, guidelines, write-ups, and oral/video/graphic content on our website are intended solely as general guidelines.
    It is the researcher's sole responsibility to conduct thorough research on the design of products intended for their experiments before submitting
    their designs to Biosynthesis for production feasibility review.
    Thank you for your understanding.

    Quick Links