RNA Interference - Custom siRNA Manufacturing

Custom siRNA synthesis at 1000 g+ scale — advanced chemistry, stereodefined control, and delivery-ready conjugation.

Core service: siRNA synthesis Pharma & biotech Stereodefined PS (Rp/Sp) PN & PACE Conjugation-ready 1000 g scale

Looking for standard DNA/RNA synthesis? See Custom DNA & RNA Oligo Synthesis Services.

Overview

Bio-Synthesis supports custom siRNA synthesis and RNA interference (RNAi) [1,2] manufacturing programs from early feasibility through late-stage development by combining advanced oligonucleotide chemistry with scalable manufacturing. Our platform is built for pharmaceutical and biotechnology teams that require structural precision, reproducibility across scale, and the ability to engineer duplex architecture, backbone chemistry, and conjugation strategy.

Our largest program volume is custom siRNA synthesis, including flexible duplex designs beyond canonical formats, advanced backbone systems (including PN and PACE-type chemistries), and stereodefined control where required.

Core service: siRNA synthesis 1000 g+ per sequence Duplexes beyond 27 nt Long 3′/5′ overhangs PS/PS2 • PN • PACE Stereodefined PS (Rp/Sp) Conjugation-ready

siRNA manufacturing platform

Build • Control • Scale

Architecture flexibility + advanced chemistries, executed with reproducibility across scale.

Scale

1000 g+

Per sequence support

Stereo

Rp/Sp

Stereodefined PS

Design

Flexible

>27 nt + long overhangs

Backbone

PS • PN • PACE

Advanced architectures

Capability Pillars

Three core pillars that matter in therapeutic siRNA programs: architecture control, chemistry control, and reproducibility across scale.

Duplex Architecture
Architecture flexibility

Beyond 27 nt, extended 3′/5′ overhangs (short or long stretch), blunt ends, asymmetric duplexes, and position-specific patterns.

See duplex engineering →

Backbone Sugar/Base
Advanced chemistry control

Backbone engineering including PS/PS2, PN, and PACE-type chemistries, integrated with sugar/base libraries and conjugation-ready handles.

See backbone engineering →

Scale Reproducibility
Development-to-supply execution

Reproducible workflows designed for transition from early development to industrial-scale supply exceeding 1000 g per sequence.

See execution workflow →

Built for pharma & biotech

Architecture precision • Reproducibility • Scale readiness

Primary modality

siRNA synthesis

Custom duplex + chemistry control

Engagement

Development partner

From lead optimization to scale-up

Multiple Antigen Peptide (MAP) schematic showing lysine dendrimer core with multiple epitope arms and optional spacers.

RNA Interference (RNAi): Mechanism

RNA interference (RNAi) is a sequence-specific, post-transcriptional gene silencing pathway [1]. Therapeutic small interfering RNA (siRNA) [2] duplexes are delivered to cells and processed through the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The guide strand is retained and directs RISC to complementary mRNA, enabling catalytic cleavage and reduced protein expression.

Key Steps
  • Duplex delivery and cytosolic availability
  • RISC loading and strand selection
  • Target mRNA recognition
  • mRNA cleavage and silencing
Engineering Levers
  • Duplex length and overhang architecture
  • Backbone and sugar chemistry (stability, PK)
  • Conjugation strategy (delivery, biodistribution)
  • Stereochemistry (diastereomeric control)

Suggested Figures

Optional visuals to help communicate mechanism, duplex formats, and stereochemistry to non-specialist stakeholders.

Multiple Antigen Peptide (MAP) schematic showing lysine dendrimer core with multiple epitope arms and optional spacers.

Figure 1: RNAi mechanism (siRNA → RISC loading → mRNA cleavage).

Multiple Antigen Peptide (MAP) schematic showing lysine dendrimer core with multiple epitope arms and optional spacers.

Figure 2: Duplex formats (canonical 21–23mer vs extended duplex >27 nt; long overhangs; asymmetric).

Multiple Antigen Peptide (MAP) schematic showing lysine dendrimer core with multiple epitope arms and optional spacers.

Figure 3: Stereochemistry concept (mixed PS vs stereodefined Rp/Sp PS).

For therapeutic programs, manufacturing must preserve molecular architecture and impurity control across scale to reduce development risk.

Custom siRNA Duplex Engineering

Our custom siRNA synthesis services support duplex architectures beyond canonical 21–23mer formats, including extended overhang designs, asymmetric strand placement, and position-specific chemical modification patterns.

Supported architectures
  • Duplexes beyond 27 nt
  • Extended 3′ or 5′ overhangs (short or long stretch)
  • Blunt-ended duplexes
  • Asymmetric designs (guide/passenger biasing)
  • Dicer-substrate formats
  • 2′–5′ linkage incorporation (where required)
Why it matters
  • RISC loading efficiency and strand selection
  • On-target potency
  • Off-target risk mitigation
  • Stability tuning and nuclease resistance
  • Compatibility with conjugation and delivery strategies

Backbone Engineering Platform

Backbone chemistry directly influences nuclease resistance, protein binding, pharmacokinetics, and tolerability. We support advanced backbone architectures for therapeutic programs, including phosphorothioate systems, phosphoramidate chemistries, and non-ionic backbones.

Complete Backbone Modification Library

Explore the full catalog of phosphate, phosphorothioate, phosphoramidate, non-ionic, and hybrid backbone systems with position-specific incorporation options.

Phosphate variants
  • Phosphodiester (native)
  • Phosphorothioate (PS)
  • Phosphorodithioate (PS2)
  • Vinylphosphonate
Phosphoramidate systems
  • Phosphoramidate (PN)
  • PACE-type phosphoramidate chemistry
  • Mesyl phosphoramidate linkages
Neutral / non-ionic backbones
  • Methylphosphonate variants
  • Morpholino (PMO)
  • Thio-morpholino (TMO)
Alkoxy / ester variants
  • Ethoxy phosphate
  • Methoxy phosphate
  • Program-specific linkage mixes

Backbone chemistries may be incorporated in fully modified architectures or mixed patterns with position-specific control to support potency, stability, and safety objectives.

Stereodefined & Advanced Chemistry Control

Phosphorothioate and related backbone linkages introduce chirality at the phosphorus center, resulting in Rp and Sp diastereomers [3]. Conventional synthesis typically yields mixed stereochemical populations.

We support stereochemical control for
  • Defined Rp / Sp phosphorothioate incorporation (stereodefined PS)
  • Position-specific stereochemical patterns (as required)
  • Integration with advanced backbone and sugar chemistries
Program value
  • Improved PK reproducibility
  • Controlled plasma protein interactions
  • Reduced variability across batches and scale
  • Enhanced SAR interpretation
  • Potential tolerability and safety optimization

Stereodefined patterns are implemented only where appropriate for program objectives and analytical strategy.

Sugar & Base Modification Capabilities

Sugar and base chemistry are primary levers for tuning nuclease resistance, affinity/duplex stability, potency, and innate immune activation. We support extensive libraries with base- and position-specific incorporation.

Common sugar chemistries
  • 2′-O-Methyl (2′-OMe; base-specific)
  • 2′-Fluoro (2′-F; base-specific)
  • 2′-O-Methoxyethyl (MOE; base-specific)
  • FANA variants (2′-fluoroarabino; base-specific)
  • LNA and related constrained sugars (base-specific)
  • 2′-Amino (base-specific)
Base and structural variants
  • 5-methyl base variants (e.g., 5mC, 5mU where applicable)
  • Modified inosine variants
  • Fluoro base combinations
  • 2′–5′ linked RNA variants (where required)
  • 3′/5′ phosphorylation options
  • Program-specific custom chemistry evaluation

For detailed modification catalogs (including base-resolved variants and conjugation handles), request a technical capability package.

Conjugation & Targeted Delivery Chemistry

Conjugation strategies are commonly used to tune biodistribution, exposure, and tissue uptake [4,5]. We support site-specific conjugation and scalable manufacturing workflows for lipid, peptide, ligand, and antibody-directed siRNA delivery platforms.

Lipid PK/Uptake
Lipid conjugates

Cholesterol (3′/5′), fatty acids across a broad carbon range, and custom hydrophobic tails compatible with scalable manufacturing.

Explore →

Targeting GalNAc
GalNAc targeting

Mono- and multivalent GalNAc architectures for hepatocyte targeting workflows.

Explore →

Handles Site-specific
Conjugation handles

NHS and other activated handles; custom ligands and program-specific conjugation strategies evaluated upon request.

Explore →

Peptide Cell-targeting
Peptide–siRNA conjugates

Site-specific conjugation of functional peptides including cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), receptor-binding peptides, and endosomal escape motifs to support cellular uptake and tissue targeting strategies.

Explore →

Receptor Targeting
Receptor-targeting ligand conjugates

Ligand-directed siRNA conjugates designed for receptor-mediated uptake, including small-molecule ligands, vitamins, carbohydrates, and custom targeting motifs.

Explore →

Antibody Bioconjugation
Antibody–siRNA conjugates

Antibody-directed siRNA conjugation strategies supporting targeted delivery platforms, including linker-enabled and site-specific conjugation workflows evaluated per program.

Explore →

How We Execute siRNA Programs

A structured development-to-supply workflow designed to preserve molecular architecture, stereochemical integrity, and reproducibility across scale.

1
Define Architecture

Duplex length, overhang design, backbone system (PS/PN/PACE), stereochemical pattern, and conjugation strategy defined upfront.

2
Build & Purify

Scalable solid-phase synthesis with purification strategy aligned to required purity profile and projected manufacturing scale.

3
Analytical Verification

LC-MS confirmation, impurity profiling, and modification verification with program-aligned analytical review.

4
Optimize Chemistry

Iterative refinement of stereochemistry, backbone patterning, and conjugation tuning for potency and PK objectives.

5
Scale Translation

Process translation from development quantities to industrial-scale production exceeding 1000 g per sequence.

6
Program Supply

Controlled specifications, documentation alignment, and batch-to-batch reproducibility support.

Scale, QC & Manufacturing Readiness

We provide scalable manufacturing from discovery quantities through late-stage development with programs that require industrial-scale production exceeding 1000 grams per sequence.

Scale capability
  • Discovery → preclinical → clinical supply support (as applicable)
  • Industrial-scale manufacturing exceeding 1000 g per sequence
  • Scalable purification strategy planning
  • Reproducible batch-to-batch execution
QC options
  • LC-MS characterization
  • Impurity profiling and control
  • Sequence and modification verification
  • Program-aligned release testing (as defined)

RNA Therapeutics Development Support

We collaborate with pharmaceutical and biotechnology partners to reduce development risk by aligning chemistry decisions with scalable manufacturing.

Lead optimization

Backbone and stereochemical variants to support SAR campaigns and candidate selection.

Architecture exploration

Backbone and stereochemical variants to support SAR campaigns and candidate selection.

Scale-up readiness

Process translation planning across scale with impurity and reproducibility focus.

CONTACT

Speak to an RNAi Scientist

Share target, sequence(s), duplex architecture requirements (length, overhangs), backbone/sugar chemistry, conjugation needs, purity, and scale. We’ll recommend a practical manufacturing + QC strategy and provide a quote.

Tip: For multi-sequence programs, share a list plus common specifications (purity, scale, modification patterns) to speed quoting.

FAQ

Do you support non-canonical siRNA architectures?

Yes. We support flexible duplex formats including designs beyond 27 nt, extended overhang architectures, blunt ends, asymmetric duplexes, and position-specific chemistry patterns.

Can you incorporate advanced backbone chemistries?

Yes. Backbone options include PS/PS2, PN, PACE-type phosphoramidate chemistry, vinylphosphonate, methylphosphonate, morpholino and related systems, as well as mixed architectures.

What does stereodefined PS mean?

Phosphorothioate linkages create Rp/Sp diastereomers. Stereodefined synthesis enables controlled stereochemical incorporation rather than a mixed stereoisomer population.

Can you support conjugation strategies for delivery?

Yes. We support lipid and targeting ligand conjugation strategies (including GalNAc formats) and can evaluate program-specific conjugation workflows.

What scale can you manufacture?

We support scalable manufacturing from early development through industrial-scale production exceeding 1000 grams per sequence.

Can you share a complete modification catalog?

Yes. We provide detailed capability packages that include base-resolved and conjugation-ready variants upon request.

Recommended Reading

Selected foundational and translational publications relevant to RNA interference, siRNA chemistry, backbone engineering, and targeted delivery.

  1. Elbashir SM, et al. Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in mammalian cells. Nature. 2001;411:494–498.
  2. Dowdy SF. Overcoming cellular barriers for RNA therapeutics. Nat Biotechnol. 2017;35:222–229.
  3. Iwamoto N, et al. Control of phosphorothioate stereochemistry substantially increases efficacy of antisense oligonucleotides. Nat Biotechnol. 2017;35:845–851.
  4. Nair JK, et al. Multivalent N-acetylgalactosamine-conjugated siRNA localizes in hepatocytes and produces robust RNAi-mediated gene silencing. J Am Chem Soc. 2014;136:16958–16961.
  5. Springer AD, Dowdy SF. GalNAc-siRNA conjugates: leading the way for delivery of RNAi therapeutics. Nucleic Acid Ther. 2018;28:109–118.

Inline citations on this page refer to the numbered items above.

Why Choose Bio-Synthesis

Trusted by biotech leaders worldwide for over 45+ years of delivering high quality, fast and scalable synthetic biology solutions.